Resistance toward the exploitation of women

The exploitation of third world women is becoming an increasing concern while the depths of globalization continue to grow. These women are lured into the various organizations that exploit them with the idea that by plugging themselves into the market economy they will be able to overcome oppression and inequalities with their earned wealth. Unfortunately these women only come to find that they have become a very insignificant cog in the machine that is globalization. It is often not feasible to resist as these women rely on what little wages they earn to provide for their families. Without these wages they risk their family’s very existence, an extremely difficult call to make when faced with the decision.

Resistance is no easy task, but the women know power lies with the numbers the workers have. Alone these women are easily replaced but when all of the women refuse to work, production starts to suffer drastically. Corporations that use these women sight their reasons for doing so as offering money to people in dire need. But these corporations fail to sight cheap labor as one of their chief motives. By viewing the population of women as a resource within their corporation the human aspect is striped from the workers. They begin to be viewed as cheap labor, an excellent resource when trying to achieve true profit maximization.
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/demand.htm

The women exploited in cheap labor are becoming increasingly aware of their true power. Before, they remained silent, accepting their role and not realizing there was any other way. Now these women are able to come together in a collective effort to earn better working conditions as well as better wages and more respect within the work place. Outside of their own efforts, these women will fail to find relief within their situation. These women make many of the things we wear and use on a daily basis but we as Americans fail to ask what we can do to help them. We rarely question the things we own; it does not cross our minds that our belongings can be a product of severe human exploitation.

Admittedly, there isn’t much everyday Americans can do for these workers directly but we can make our difference in our consumption. Making decisions like buying fair trade products or taking interest in common products in your consumption can help not only yourself in your understanding of this exploitation, but the workers who are exploited while making these products. If the American populous can make a change and become better educated on the ways in which we can help these third world women.
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15 Sources for Globalization in Sport

Globalization and sport: playing the world

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=V3_DwFH5L4wC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Globalization+in+sports&ots=4GxjFHoJah&sig=F6I0XwXZwvIsQFBrdBl0LZBGD8g#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book talks about the global impact of sport in the various aspects such as spectators and participants. The book also covers the effect media has on sport as well as the structure of sport.

Power and global sport: zones of prestige, emulation and resistance

http://books.google.com/books?id=sPW0qL6ECm4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book covers the power sport possesses as the primary form of world communication and the good that sport can bring to the relationship of nations in the world. The book looks in depth at the world of rugby and soccer and what a global impact they create.

Sport worlds: a sociological perspective

http://books.google.com/books?id=DUqsOKgGoJUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book covers the national impact of sport and how it benefits developing nations. Also the book covers gender and social relations in sport and sports role in society. Other aspects like recruiting and ethnic based sport relations.

Sport: Sport and power relations

http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_4m0FbGbxcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book covers a more cultural aspect of globalization and sport covering race in sport as well as social class and how the ego plays into sport and other epistemological aspects of sport.

Global Sport: identities, societies, civilizations

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4VzWuEK_nrEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Globalization+in+sports&ots=RpoOsq4mBd&sig=1gbQtcg2FTtxIqxgPKc42v5-Q74#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book covers the consequences of sport globalization as well as theoretical situations that globalization might cause. This book also covers ideas of migrant labor induced by sport and sport industry.

Mediasport

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=thzsXprMf9gC&oi=fnd&pg=PA57&dq=Globalization+in+sports&ots=ZIm7MIl86G&sig=BJcTYv_vyn2jbvrqmgQlfubySuA#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

The affects of technology on sport as well as the affects of marketing on sport. The evolution of sport on television and the image of sport in media. The book also covers issues of race and ethnicity in sport.

Media, sports, & society

http://books.google.com/books?id=d6HhgJDGXtQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

This book offers a detailed history of sport and its role in society. It also covers media strategies and things like scheduling costs and the American bias in sport. The book also covers the viewers experience and how spectators change the world of sport.

A Brief History of American Sports

http://books.google.com/books?id=wZFTnS1owzIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

This book discusses the creation and evolution of sports in America. The history starts around the beginning of our nation and talks about the parallels between indigenous games and sports played today.

Sports in the Western world

http://books.google.com/books?id=KKidfbTe8i4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

This book covers four major themes of sport. The first being the evolution of sport from a ritual based activity to a recreational activity. The second covers sport in the expanding world; primarily the industrial revolution. The third covers the emergence of team sports in the nineteenth century and the fourth covers sports in the age of conflict.

The Social significance of sport: an introduction to the sociology of sport

http://books.google.com/books?id=bviYINQgU8UC&dq=Globalization+in+sports&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1

This book covers why sports function the way they do in society and why they have become the industry that they provide today. The book is broken into three major themes covering topics such as resistance, sex and race.

Globalization and Sport: Sketching theoretical model for empirical analyses

http://jss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/3/258

This book covers the tensions of globalization and the pros and cons in terms of local vs globalization. The book discusses a “web of issues” on globalization that offers and idea of how globalization can negatively affect sport.

Sports, nationalism, and globalization: European and North American perspectives

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tyruTIHJJIMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Globalization+in+sports&ots=aUy_G8QQEi&sig=5JVCBmn1M1QCRjXwi5Z4t1wVTUI#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book covers nationalism and how it affects sport and globalization in sport. There is a European and North American focus as you can tell from the title of the book. Nationalism serves as one of the best forms of resistance toward globalization.

Women, Sport, and Globalization

http://jss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/2/209

This book discusses the inequality in all aspects of sport. The book covers these inequalities at local levels all the way to the national stage. The book uses the coverage of the Australian Tennis open as its primary example of inequalities in sport.

Globalization of Sports: The Case of Professional Football and its international management challenges

http://www.dijtokyo.org/doc/WP05_1GlobalizationOfSportsProfessionalFootballDollesSoederman.pdf

This book talks about where the game of soccer fits into the scheme of globalization in primarily European nations. Soccer offers a unique perspective as it’s the biggest sport worldwide. It covers topics such as where the market is and how to identify the consumers.

Sports geography

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CHwf1Hf8NawC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Globalization+in+sports&ots=gD77elcrqW&sig=-xWDpo6bXR_iuTfqDvd7H-4Eff0#v=onepage&q=Globalization%20in%20sports&f=false

This book covers the geography of sport and where specific sports are prevalent and how geography plays a role in the popularity of a sport. The book uses three main ideas in the book; sport and location, sport globalization, and sport and welfare geography.



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Death at the Border

Ever since the fall of the economy in Mexico sometime around the 1970’s America has seen a dramatic increase in Mexican immigration. There is no doubting the advantages that come with immigration in terms of cheap labor for American farmers but immigration into the United States is undoubtedly becoming more and more dangerous each year. The ideals of our Capitalist society have lured around 3 million undocumented Mexican immigrants into America. Whether they are coming in the back of freighters, fording canals, or attempting to endure the rough terrain of the dessert they are flirting with death for a chance at a diminishing dream.

Nothing is promised for their efforts as many immigrants do not make the trip into the United States. For reasons such as starvation, hypothermia, heat stroke, and even shot by ranchers along the border, 369 immigrants died in 2000 trying to cross into the U.S. There have also been documented incidents within the United States as immigrants find once they arrive in America it is hard to leave for many reasons.
http://www.pbs.org/itvs/beyondtheborder/immigration.html

Immigrants are finding that America doesn’t have much to offer for an illegal immigrant anymore. With the economy struggling in the United States and many farmers being forced to only use legal citizens for work, illegal immigrants find themselves in a similar situation they were facing in Mexico. The opportunity to come to America and provide for their families back in Mexico becomes more of a fairytale every day that passes. With the proposed reinforcements at the border this would only become more of a challenge as immigrants find returning home to be a tricky task. By putting tighter restrictions at the border it only becomes more dangerous for the immigrants. The numbers reported are sure to grow as survival forces immigrants to head north or struggle to survive.

It is quite simple for many Mexican immigrants, stay in Mexico and you will scratch and claw to provide for your family and in the end it just may not be enough. That is why they must pursue the American dream, in hopes of surviving, not necessarily thriving. So why set death traps along the way making survival even more of a challenge? Well you may hear rules are rules and you may hear for our own security, but surely we can see through these evil rationalizations. The tighter the restrictions we enforce the more death we are at risk to see. The rational question here is how many deaths are too many, as they will continue to happen years after year.

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Pictures of the Globalization of Sport

Nike has gone from a small shoe company in America to the most dominant brand in sports worldwide.





















































Phil Knight, owner of Nike, has gone from owning a brand that supplies Track shoes to a brand that supplies apparel and shoes for every major sport in the world.






























Nike is notorious for the endorsements it has with some of the best athletes in the world. This asserted Nike as the dominant brand in the athletes respective sports and was vital in the growth of the company.

Billie Jean King dominanted women's tennis and it was athletes like her that brought attention to women's sport and aided in the growth of women's sport.

In 1900 women competed in the olympics for the first time. Here women are playing golf in the 1900 summer olympics.

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A Brief History of Globalization and Women in Sport

The true beginning of sport is unknown but artifacts and structures would suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 4000 BC. Sport has long been a means of enjoyment and competition with the only rewards being pride and glory. In early sport women were not allowed to compete as sport was said to be for men alone. Though we are a long time removed from women being excluded from sports, they are still treated unfairly when compared to men’s professional athletes of today. The first Olympic Games recorded were in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. Roughly 2,676 years later Women were allowed to compete in the Olympics for the first time in 1900. Nineteen women would be allowed to compete in just three different events compared to the 19 events offered for male athletes.

Some of the more modern sports of today started surfacing in the 1600’s when gambling also became a popular habit. This is no coincidence as sports during the 1600’s such as Horse Racing, Boxing and Cricket were often bet upon for entertainment. This was the shift toward spectator sports where people started to become interested in sport and wanted to view these sports first hand. The importance of team sport was first seen in the 1600’s as Cricket teams wanted to field the best team to benefit them and their bets they placed on their team.

With the Industrial Revolution sport went more away from the rural scene and found its way into the city where middle and upper class people became drawn to it. This shift brought more interest and in turn more money into the industry of sport. Because Industrialization and mass production created more leisure time there was a shift in sport from dominant competitors to a more balanced field of competition. Once we reach the 1900’s professionalism becomes a big part of sport as athletes start to focus on sport as a career and not just a form of enjoyment. This would only add to the popularity of sports and in the 1900’s sport would become more important economically year by year.

In 1964 Phillip Knight and Bill Bowerman would create Blue Ribbon Sports which would later become known as Nike. Phillip Knight would show up at Track and Field events to push his now famous shoes to anyone he could out of the back of his van. Through years of professional athlete sponsorship and eventually frequent advertising Nike would grow to become the biggest sports apparel company in the world. Now Nike owns over 700 factories in more than 45 countries outside of the United States. These factories are sites of cheap labor through exploitation of minorities in other countries. From selling shoes out of a van to exploiting millions of people for cheap labor Nike serves as one of the best examples of globalization within sports.

In 1972 Title 9 was introduced at the collegiate and high school level forcing public institutions to provide the same number of scholarship sports for guys and girls and the same number of sports for men and women at the high school level. Now women’s professional sports are starting to surface as we work our way into the twenty first century but still they draw only a fraction of economic worth as compared to men’s professional sports. In 1997 the first season of the WNBA was under way, 51 years after the inception of the NBA. In 2005 a team salary cap in the WNBA was somewhere around $.67 million where a salary cap in the NBA hovers around $44 million. These statistics merely serve as an example of the difference between men’s and women’s professional sport today. Women are still forced to take up work outside of their respective sport as the economic funding women’s professional sports receive is not nearly enough for athlete’s to live off of. From a form of sheer enjoyment to an exploiting money hungry business, sports have mutated into an industry no longer concerned with its original purpose.

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Sports... Not Just Sport

For my research/blog topics I have chosen to explore many different areas of sport. I would like to explore the history of sport and how inequalities have managed to fester within sport based on sex or race and what is being done to offset those inequalities today. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106486162

I would also like to look at the affects of globalization on sport and demonstrate how sport plays a much more significant rule in everyday life then one might think. Also I aim to look at the many different motives or causes of inequalities in sport such as consumerism and profit maximization and explore the true reasoning of why these inequalities still exist in sport today.

Sport offers a unique way to view globalization as well as the ways sexism and racism affect us in today’s society because it is something we all see or hear about on a daily basis. It is extremely relatable because many of us grew up playing sports and that transfers over to a general interest in sports for many.
The issues we discuss in class can be found in sports headlines almost daily and we are seeing the globalization of sport year after year with bigwig companies such as Nike pushing their campaigns global for profit maximization. It is because of reasons such as these that I have decided to explore the world of sport and how it has changed into what it is today and how it will continue to change as time presses on.